{"id":3431,"date":"2025-07-09T13:00:26","date_gmt":"2025-07-09T12:00:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//data/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//publications-major-series/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//karst-knowledge-exchange-project/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//karts-features/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//"},"modified":"2025-11-13T11:37:46","modified_gmt":"2025-11-13T11:37:46","slug":"karst-features","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//water-resources/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//groundwater-resources-in-the-uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//karst-aquifers/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//karst-features/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//","title":{"rendered":"Karst features"},"content":{"rendered":"/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<section class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"hero-section hero-section-with-social/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"hero-info-wrap/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"container/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"row/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"col-12/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"hero-info/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<h1>Karst features</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//h1>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<div 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Link</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//a></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//section>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n<section class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"wp-block-bgs-blocks-content-container content-section/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"><div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"container/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"><div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"row/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"><div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"col-12/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"><div id=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"sinks/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"accordions/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"acc-wrap/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<button class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"><span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"button-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" tabindex=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"-1/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">Stream sinks</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//button>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"acc-body sea-background-e/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<p>Stream sinks (also known as swallow holes) are points at which water sinks directly into the ground. In some cases they may be associated with a surface depression; in others they may just be focused points within a stream bed where water disappears into the ground. They are distinguished from dolines (sinkholes) by their hydrologically active nature, although many are ephemeral and do not flow constantly.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n<p><img loading=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"lazy/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" decoding=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"async/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"alignnone size-full wp-image-7673/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" style=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"width: 100%;max-width: 500px/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" src=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//2025/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//11/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//chalk-stream-sinking-into-doline.jpg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" alt=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" width=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"1500/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" height=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"1127/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n<p><span style=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"font-size: 10pt/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">A chalk stream sink, southern England. BGS /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/u00a9 ¼ø»Æʦ.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n<p>Karst stream sinks occur relatively frequently in the Chalk, Jurassic limestone and Permian limestone. Stream sinks are often associated with geological boundaries where there are lower-permeability deposits overlying the karstic rock. Surface run-off forms streams or rivers on the lower-permeability deposits, which then sink into the underlying karst at or close to the geological boundary.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n<p>Chalk stream sinks have been most extensively mapped, which has revealed that they can have very high densities along the boundary between the Chalk and the overlying Palaeogene clays and sands. For example, more than 130 stream sinks have been mapped in the Pang and Lambourn catchments in Berkshire (Maurice et al., 2006). Whilst individually these Chalk stream sinks have relatively small flows, ranging from small seeps to streams with flows of several litres per second following rainfall, collectively they form an important contribution to recharge and provide a direct flow path into the aquifer.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div><div id=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"dolines/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"accordions/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"acc-wrap/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<button class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"><span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"button-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" tabindex=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"-1/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">Dolines/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//sinkholes</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//button>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"acc-body sea-background-e/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<p>Dolines (also known as sinkholes) are surface depressions that are formed by solution processes and are not associated with a stream. They are formed by natural processes, unlike some surface depressions that are often called &#8216;sinkholes&#8217; but are actually formed by collapse into artificial cavities.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n<p>They are generally classified as solution dolines, collapse dolines or subsidence dolines. Dolines may be palaeokarst features that are not currently hydrologically active. However, they are genetically karstic and their presence implies that there is or has been a fully connected flow path between the doline and the aquifer discharge point, enabling transport of solute and/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//or sediment through the aquifer (Williams, 2004).</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n<p>Dolines are present in the Chalk and the Jurassic and Permian limestones, where they are usually smaller than dolines in Carboniferous limestone. However, one of the most famous karst dolines in the UK is Culpeppers Dish in the Chalk in Dorset, which is 21 m deep and 86 m in diameter. Doline densities in Dorset can be more than 100/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//km<sup>2</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//sup>, which is comparable to those in the South Wales Carboniferous limestone (Sperling et al., 1977). In some areas, it can be difficult to distinguish dolines from artificial pits that may have a similar shape.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div><div id=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"solpipes/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"accordions/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"acc-wrap/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<button class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"><span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"button-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" tabindex=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"-1/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">Solution pipes</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//button>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"acc-body sea-background-e/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<p>Solution pipes are subsurface solutional voids that are filled with sediment. They may occur with no surface expression and they are often filled with low-permeability material, so they do not provide a rapid pathway to the subsurface. They are frequently encountered in engineering works, especially in the Chalk (Edmonds, 2008) and are indicative that karst processes are occurring in the area.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n<p><img loading=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"lazy/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" decoding=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"async/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" width=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"559/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" height=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"745/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"alignnone wp-image-7668/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" style=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"width: 100%;max-width: 300px/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" src=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//2025/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//11/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//Dissolution-pipe-Bempton-Cliff-Yorkshire.png/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" alt=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n<p><span style=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"font-size: 10pt/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">Solution pipe at Bempton Cliffs, Yorkshire. /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/u00a9 Derek Gobbet,/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/u00a0<a href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"http:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//www.hullgeolsoc.co.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//org/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" target=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"_blank/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" rel=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"noopener/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">Hull Geological Society</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//a>.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n<p>&nbsp;</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div><div id=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"conduits/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"accordions/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"acc-wrap/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<button class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"><span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"button-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" tabindex=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"-1/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">Conduits observed in quarries or boreholes</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//button>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"acc-body sea-background-e/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<p>Small conduits from a few to tens of centimetres in diameter are revealed in quarries and on images of borehole walls. Although they are quite small in size, water can move rapidly through them.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n<p><img loading=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"lazy/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" decoding=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"async/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"alignnone size-full wp-image-7685/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" style=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"width: 100%;max-width: 400px/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" src=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//2025/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//11/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//flowing-conduit-in-chalk.webp/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" alt=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" width=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"1000/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" height=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"1075/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n<p><span style=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"font-size: 10pt/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">Chalk karst conduits, 10 to 20 cm in diameter, intercepted in Swanscombe Quarry, Kent.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div><div id=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"springs/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"accordions/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"acc-wrap/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<button class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"><span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"button-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" tabindex=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"-1/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">Large springs</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//button>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"acc-body sea-background-e/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<p>In karst studies, high temporal resolution discharge and water-quality data are used to assess the nature of karst. A higher degree of karstification is associated with springs that have rapid responses to precipitation resulting in changes in discharge and chemistry over periods of hours or days (Shuster and White, 1971; White, 1988).</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n<p>Large springs (more than 10 l/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//s, and especially those more than 100 l/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//s) in themselves are indicative of karst processes, as a connected network of solutional voids of sufficient size is required to sustain the discharge.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n<p><img loading=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"lazy/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" decoding=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"async/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"size-full wp-image-7711/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" style=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"width: 100%;max-width: 500px/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" src=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//2025/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//11/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//Lynchwood-spring-Lambourn.png/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" alt=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"A spring rising through a reed bed/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" width=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"1000/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" height=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"750/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//> <br /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//><span style=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"font-size: 10pt/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">Lynchwood ephemeral chalk spring, Lambourn, southern England. Flow varies seasonally from 0 to approximately 700 l/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//s. BGS /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/u00a9 ¼ø»Æʦ.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n<p>&nbsp;</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div><div id=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"tracers/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"accordions/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"acc-wrap/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<button class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"><span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"button-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" tabindex=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"-1/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">Tracer tests</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//button>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"acc-body sea-background-e/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<p>Successful tracer tests demonstrate the location of rapid karstic groundwater flow paths. Testing in the Chalk and the Jurassic limestone has demonstrated groundwater velocities of several kilometres per day over distances of several kilometres (for example, Atkinson and Smith, 1974; Banks et al., 1995; Foley et al., 2012).</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n<p>One example is a tracer test in Berkshire, which involved injecting only a few hundred millilitres of a sodium fluourescein dye solution into a stream sink (Maurice et al., 2006). The tracer arrived five kilometres away at the Blue Pool spring in just 24 hours, illustrating how vulnerable these aquifers can be to pollution.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n<p><img loading=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"lazy/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" decoding=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"async/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"size-full wp-image-7716/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" style=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"width: 100%;max-width: 500px/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" src=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//2025/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//11/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//tracer-slide.png/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" alt=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"Three pictures: a woman pouring a fluoescent green liquid  (a tracer substance) into a pool; a river flowing over a weir and a graph showing the distance the tracer flowed in a month/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" width=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"960/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" height=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"720/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//> <span style=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"font-size: 10pt/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">Tracer test in the Chalk, Berkshire. BGS /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/u00a9 ¼ø»Æʦ.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div><div id=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"microbes/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"accordions/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"acc-wrap/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<button class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"><span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"button-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" tabindex=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"-1/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">Microbial contamination and turbidity</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//button>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"acc-body sea-background-e/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<p>Karst aquifers are often characterised by high incidences of microbial pollutants, which often occur following recharge events. The presence of microbial contaminants in boreholes and springs is indicative of short residence-time groundwater, as some microbial contaminants only persist in aquifers for one to two weeks. Increased turbidity in springs and boreholes following rainfall can also be indicative of karst flow paths.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div><div  class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"accordions/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"acc-wrap/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<button class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"><span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"button-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" tabindex=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"-1/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">References</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//button>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"acc-body sea-background-e/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<p>Atkinson, T C, and Smith, D I. 1974./groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/u00a0<a href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//doi.org/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//10.1144/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//GSL.QJEG.1974.007.02.05/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" target=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"_blank/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" rel=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"noopener/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">Rapid groundwater flow in fissures in the Chalk: An example from South Hampshire</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//a>./groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/u00a0<em>Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//em>, Vol. 7. 197/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/u2013205. DOI: https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//doi.org/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//10.1144/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//GSL.QJEG.1974.007.02.05</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n<p>Banks, D, Davies, C, and Davies, W. 1995./groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/u00a0<a href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"http:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//dx.doi.org/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//10.1144/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//GSL.QJEGH.1995.028.S1.03/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" target=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"_blank/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" rel=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"noopener/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">The Chalk as a karstic aquifer: evidence from a tracer test at Stanford Dingley, Berkshire, UK</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//a>./groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/u00a0<em>Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//em>, Vol. 28(1), S31/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/u2013S38. DOI: http:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//dx.doi.org/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//10.1144/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//GSL.QJEGH.1995.028.S1.03</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n<p>Edmonds, C. 2008./groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/u00a0<a href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//doi.org/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//10.1016/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//j.enggeo.2007.11.019/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" target=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"_blank/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" rel=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"noopener/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">Improved groundwater vulnerability mapping for the karstic Chalk aquifer of south east England</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//a>./groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/u00a0<em>Engineering Geology</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//em>, Vol. 99(3/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/u20134), 95/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/u2013108. DOI: https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//doi.org/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//10.1016/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//j.enggeo.2007.11.019</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n<p>Foley, A, Cachandt, G, Franklin, J, Willmore, F, and Atkinson, T. 2012./groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/u00a0<a href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//doi.org/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//10.1007/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//s10040-012-0830-x/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" target=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"_blank/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" rel=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"noopener/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">Tracer tests and the structure of permeability in the Corallian limestone aquifer of northern England, UK</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//a>./groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/u00a0<em>Hydrogeology Journal</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//em>, Vol. 20, 483/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/u2013498. DOI: https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//doi.org/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//10.1007/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//s10040-012-0830-x</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n<p>Maurice, L D, Atkinson, T A, Barker, J A, Bloomfield, J P, Farrant, A R, and Williams, A T. 2006./groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/u00a0<a href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"http:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//dx.doi.org/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//10.1016/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//j.jhydrol.2006.04.012/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" target=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"_blank/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" rel=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"nofollow noopener noreferrer/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">Karstic behaviour of groundwater in the English Chalk</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//a>./groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/u00a0<em>Journal of Hydrology</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//em>, Vol. 330, 53/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/u201362. DOI: http:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//dx.doi.org/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//10.1016/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//j.jhydrol.2006.04.012</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n<p>Shuster, E T, and White, W B. 1971./groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/u00a0<a href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//doi.org/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//10.1016/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//0022-1694(71)90001-1/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" target=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"_blank/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" rel=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"noopener/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">Seasonal fluctuations in the chemistry of limestone springs: a possible means for characterising carbonate aquifers</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//a>./groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/u00a0<em>Journal of Hydrology</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//em>, Vol. 14, 19/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/u2013128. DOI: https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//doi.org/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//10.1016/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//0022-1694(71)90001-1</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n<p>Sperling, C H B, Goudie, A S, Stoddart, D R, and Poole, G G. 1977./groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/u00a0<a href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//doi.org/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//10.2307/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//621858/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" target=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"_blank/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" rel=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"noopener/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">Dolines of the Dorset chalklands and other areas in southern Britain</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//a>./groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/u00a0<em>Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//em>, Vol. 2, 205/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/u2013223. DOI: https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//doi.org/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//10.2307/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//621858</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n<p>White, W B. 1988. Geomorphology and Hydrology of Karst Terrains. (Oxford University Press.) ISBN: 9780195044447</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n<p>Williams, P. 2004. Dolines. 304/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/u2013310 in/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/u00a0<em>Encyclopaedia of Caves and Karst Science</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//em>. Gunn, J (editor). ISBN: 9781579583996</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//section>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n<section class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"cta-section  sea-background-e /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"container/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"row md-row/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"col-12/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<h2>Need more information?</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//h2>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"btn-wrap/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"><a href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//people/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//brauns-bentje/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"  class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"button primary-background   /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">Contact Bentje Brauns</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//a></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//section>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<section id=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"in-this-section-474-block_62c984bd760d63ac50f025da8f843e18/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"grid-section  sea-background-d   /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" >/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"container/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"row header-of-section/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"col-12/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<h2>Find out more about our research</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//h2>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"row grid-wrap/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"col-md-6 col-lg-4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"cards-over-img cards  cards-find-more /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<a class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"media-wrap/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//water-resources/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//groundwater-resources-in-the-uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//karst-aquifers/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<img decoding=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"async/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" src=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//2025/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//11/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//chalk-cave-thumb.jpg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"lazy-blur wp-post-image/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" alt=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"chalk cave-thumb/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" data-src=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//2025/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//11/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//chalk-cave-thumb.jpg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//a>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"info-wrap/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"info/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<h2><a href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//water-resources/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//groundwater-resources-in-the-uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//karst-aquifers/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">Karst aquifers</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//a></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//h2>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<p>Aquifers formed in the Chalk Group and the Jurassic and Permian limestones of England.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<a href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//water-resources/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//groundwater-resources-in-the-uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//karst-aquifers/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">More 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href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//water-resources/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//groundwater-resources-in-the-uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//karst-aquifers/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//karst-hydrogeology-of-the-bedhampton-and-havant-springs/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<img decoding=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"async/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" src=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//2025/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//11/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//solutionPipe-thumb.jpg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"lazy-blur wp-post-image/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" alt=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"solutionPipe-thumb/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" data-src=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//2025/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//11/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//solutionPipe-thumb.jpg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//a>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"info-wrap/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"info/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<h2><a href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//water-resources/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//groundwater-resources-in-the-uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//karst-aquifers/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//karst-hydrogeology-of-the-bedhampton-and-havant-springs/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">Karst hydrogeology of the Bedhampton and Havant springs</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//a></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//h2>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<p>One of the best examples of Chalk karst springs in the UK.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<a href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//water-resources/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//groundwater-resources-in-the-uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//karst-aquifers/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//karst-hydrogeology-of-the-bedhampton-and-havant-springs/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">More Information</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//a>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"col-md-6 col-lg-4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"cards-over-img cards  cards-find-more /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<a class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"media-wrap/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//water-resources/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//groundwater-resources-in-the-uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//karst-aquifers/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//karst-report-series/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<img decoding=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"async/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" src=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//2025/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//11/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//P775218-thumb.jpg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"lazy-blur wp-post-image/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" alt=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"P775218-thumb/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" data-src=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//2025/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//11/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//P775218-thumb.jpg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//a>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"info-wrap/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"info/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<h2><a href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//water-resources/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//groundwater-resources-in-the-uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//karst-aquifers/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//karst-report-series/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">Karst report series</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//a></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//h2>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<p>An overview of the evidence for karst in the Chalk and Jurassic and Permian limestones in different areas of England.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<a href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//water-resources/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//groundwater-resources-in-the-uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//karst-aquifers/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//karst-report-series/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">More Information</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//a>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"col-md-6 col-lg-4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"cards-over-img cards  cards-find-more /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<a class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"media-wrap/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"  href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//geology-projects/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//sinkholes-research/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//what-causes-sinkholes-and-where-do-they-occur-in-the-uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<img decoding=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"async/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" src=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//2025/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//11/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//P913657-thumb.jpg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"lazy-blur/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" alt=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"P913657-thumb/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" data-src=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//2025/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//11/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//P913657-thumb.jpg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//a>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"info-wrap/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"info/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<h2>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<a  href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//geology-projects/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//sinkholes-research/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//what-causes-sinkholes-and-where-do-they-occur-in-the-uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/tWhat causes sinkholes?/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//a>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//h2>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<p><p>Explore the different types of sinkhole encountered in the UK.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"col-md-6 col-lg-4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"cards-over-img cards  cards-find-more /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<a class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"media-wrap/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"  href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//geology-projects/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//sinkholes-research/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<img decoding=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"async/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" src=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//2025/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//11/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//P703480-thumb.webp/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"lazy-blur/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" alt=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"P703480-thumb/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" data-src=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//2025/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//11/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//P703480-thumb.webp/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//a>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"info-wrap/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"info/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<h2>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<a  href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//geology-projects/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//sinkholes-research/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/tSinkholes research/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//a>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//h2>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t<p><p>Our research extends beyond the distribution and processes associated with sinkhole formation to the broader subject of karst.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431//section>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3431/t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The 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